"Papal Forgeries and the Road to Schism" by Ubi Petrus, an excellent video at https://youtu.be/uBPdjkY_RX4, and its part in the road to repentance and on through to the end of time.
Memory stick file reference :12
Re: "Papal Forgeries and the Road to Schism" by Ubi Petrus, an excellent video at https://youtu.be/uBPdjkY_RX4, and its part in the road to repentance and on through to the end of time
The conclusion that must be drawn from this excellent presentation is that Romanist repentance for their forgeries is 99% there, but remains incomplete, as Ubi Petrus points out “one glaring forgery is still there in the catholic code of [at 1:30:47 in the video] canon law and is taken directly from the samakian forgeries quote the first see is judged by no one” . Romanist complete repentance and re-union with the only True Church, the True Orthodox Church, see www.trueorthodox.eu, can not happen until their repentance becomes complete, amidst rejoicing, in accordance with the 24-part Anonymous Prophecy of Mount Athos of 1053. This will, of course, also require the repentance of the vast majority of those who call themselves “Orthodox Christians”, the “World Orthodox” from all of their heresies, especially the heresy of modernism (and its concomitant and overlapping sub-heresies of “Ecumenism”, “New Calendarism”, etc. Not mentioned here is a time line for this. As per discussions on the Byzantine Prophecy Facebook Group, the prophecy written on a pillar deciphered slightly before the fall of Constantinople on Tuesday 29th May 1453 that it would be occupied for about 580 years, being freed and restored in a year in which the Feast of the Annunciation (25th March in the Church Calendar and the Civil Calendar on Mount Athos, Greece, 7th April in the Civil Calendar elsewhere), and Holy Pascha (aka (traditional Orthodox) Easter). The full feast including its after feasts, can be viewed as lasting 3 days, in this Trinitarian world. Holy Pascha is on March 27/April 9th 2034. So, this would seem to be the most likely date for the liberation of Constantinople within this context, with the events culminating in the joyous re-unification following, probably in quick succession, in the context of World War III. Peace and prosperity and an overwhelmingly True Orthodox Christian world, for the first time ever, will follow World War III. This will last at least two generations (55 years or so) before a final falling away of the world at the end of time, culminating in the final judgment and a new world with new heavens and a new earth, after the final judgment. We cannot know the hour of Christ’s second coming. But, we do know that all those capable of salvation must be born and to have matured enough for their salvation, and that all prophecies, including those of the coming of the Antichrist, must be fulfilled, before the world can end, its salvific purpose having been fulfilled.
Papal Forgeries: A Road to Schism (FULL)
10 mil subscribers
369
5023 views Premiered on 07/09/2024
00:00 Introduction & Contents
04:26 The Pseudo-Symmachian Forgeries
25:27 The Liber Pontificalis
31:51 The Donation of Constantine
38:31 The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
1:11:09 The Gregorian Reforms and Beyond
1:23:20 Aquinas, Florence and Beyond
Transcription:
Introduction & Contents
0:05
[Music]
0:28
welcome to the third video we are doing here at ooby petras as with our previous video the first
0:33
half will be up for free on youtube while the entire video will be available to our subscribers on patreon
0:40
the generous support of our subscribers is what allows us to continue producing more content like this and at more regular
0:46
intervals why forge the deed to a house when you already own the house and have a valid
0:53
deed why forge a marriage certificate when you already have a real one to prove you
0:59
are lawfully married taken a step further if one were to forge papers of ordination
1:05
wouldn't that person be universally suspected of being an imposter no one sensible would go
1:11
through the trouble to forge documents if valid ones were available how much work is it to create a
1:17
convincing forgery to try to rewrite history and why would one go through with it
1:22
if the historical documentation already bears out the point you want to prove
1:27
a forgery especially a convincing one is a substantial amount of work and materials as well as detrimental to
1:34
one's reputation if caught creating forged materials the heavy amount of work needed to create a
1:40
forgery guarantees that one only goes to the trouble of forgery when real evidence is lacking and
1:46
because of this we can understand something of how the first millennium church interpreted and understood canonical literature and
1:53
papal writings based on the material some of its more unscrupulous and ambitious members
1:58
were willing to create for a lack of solid evidence in other words if all of those
2:03
statements from popes like saint galasios st leo the great saint hormistas and
2:09
saint gregory the great were understood to mean what satis cognitum and vatican 1 interpret them to mean
2:15
there would have been no need to forge thousands and thousands of pages of quotations
2:20
claiming what satis cognitum and pastor eternus claim this all looms large on the horizon
2:27
whenever a discussion emerges regarding the development of the papacy from amir cenotal head
2:33
who worked in concert and council with his fellow patriarchs all the way to a position of universal
2:38
autocracy with no enforceable limits some forgeries took nearly a millennium
2:44
to be exposed and several more centuries to be accepted as fakes but like the detonation of an explosive
2:50
the effects of the forgeries remain long after they lack potency in this video we will discuss the major
2:57
forgeries that slowly led to the great schism due to their initial influence upon the 9th century popes
3:03
and culminating with the gregorian reforms in the 11th century the first of these the samakian
3:08
forgeries also known as the pseudo-samakian forgeries of the late 5th and 6th centuries are
3:14
now recognized to be the first major forgeries in the genre that we are discussing those will be followed by the first five
3:21
centuries of biographies from the famous liber pontificalis a collection that slowly became more
3:27
reliable as time went by but was created as a piece of papal propaganda shortly after the reign of
3:33
pope simakis by his partisans following this we will delve into the mid to late 8th century document
3:40
the donation of constantine finally we will move on to the four part collection known under the title
3:46
the pseudo-isadore decreedles we will delve into how these forgeries were then utilized by the reformers in the
3:52
gregorian reform and appeared in the massively influential decretium gratiani
3:58
which formed a backbone of roman catholic canon law for centuries as well as how a roman catholic saint
4:04
such as thomas aquinas bought into and recycled these forgeries in his papally commissioned polemic work
4:11
against the errors of the greeks not stopping there we will discuss the appearance of these
4:16
forgeries even in the catechism of the catholic church and current code of canon law for the
4:22
catholic church with that we begin part 1
The Pseudo-Symmachian Forgeries
4:27
the pseudo-symmachian forgeries on november 16th 498 a.d pope anastasios ii
4:35
a sympathizer with the byzantine emperor's policy on the henotikon died in his two years as pope he had
4:42
created a controversial legacy by re-entering communion with pro-henoticon clergy
4:47
during the acacian schism and therefore causing a large faction in rome to decline communion from the pope
4:54
six days after his death on november 22 the city of rome elected two popes the
5:01
first a deacon of sardinian and probably pagan origin simakus was elected by the faction that
5:07
had broken with the previous pope anastasius ii the second elected later that day by the
5:13
pro-byzantine faction was the arch priest laurentius whose father had also been a priest
5:19
and unlike the sardinian deacon had roots within rome violence immediately erupted but the two
5:26
factions agreed to submit to the arbitration of theodoric the austrogothic king theodoric
5:33
perhaps motivated by political considerations ordered samakos should be kept as pope
5:38
because he had been elected prior to laurentius and by a larger faction what followed
5:44
next was a series of four synods related to the papal election the first was held by pope simakus in
5:50
march 499 and seems to have created peace by offering laurentius another sea
5:56
the second synod was held in arminium in 501 when theodoric the goth ordered the pope
6:02
there to stand trial after he was accused of celebrating easter on the wrong day upon arrival in arminium he learned he
6:09
was also under investigation for corruption and an alleged affair with a nun pope
6:14
simakus forsaking common sense made the least intelligent decision he could have
6:20
and instead of standing trial before the judge who had previously shown him favor ran away to rome in reaction
6:27
the pro-laurentian faction reasserted laurentius's claim to the papal throne and dragged him back to the eternal city
6:35
the situation became so hideous that in 502 a.d theodoric appointed a
6:40
new bishop peter of altineum as locum tenons of rome until a new synod would decide between samakus
6:47
and laurentius that proposed synod the third one took place shortly after easter 502
6:53
and was presided over by the bishops of ravenna milan and aquilea but it fell apart when peter
7:00
of altineum the locum tenens of rome arrived at the council by order of king theodoric
7:06
samakus enraged that the locum tenens had been installed in the first place
7:11
because it insinuated sumakus was not the real pope refused to cooperate and violence
7:16
erupted theodoric then ordered a second session to be held on september 1st
7:21
502 which resulted in more riots and further loss of life due to this simakus barricaded himself
7:29
within saint peter's church outside the city walls while the faction of laurentius seized all of the churches inside the
7:35
city of rome the third session of the third synod was held in the middle of september 502
7:42
and decided they could not stand in judgment of the pope as he was pope while the fourth session
7:48
of the third synod was held at palma on october 23 502 and ruled that all allegations against
7:55
samakus should be dropped the records of both these councils are highly suspect but if the records are
8:01
accurate the synods themselves were clearly and severely influenced by these forgeries
8:07
this is clear because had actual documentation existed demonstrating the first sea could not be
8:12
judged there would have been no need to risk one's reputation and standing to invent it
8:18
despite these synods the laurentians just went about what they were doing and continued to hold the churches in
8:24
the city of rome while simakus was barricaded inside saint peter's outside of rome itself it was not until
8:31
either 506 or 507 a.d that the aryan theodoric the goth
8:36
in the midst of a dispute with the byzantines took an anti-byzantine stance and sent an official to remove the
8:42
nearly 30 churches within the city of rome from the pro-byzantine laurentians and handed them over to samakus that the
8:49
schism effectively ended quote for four years lawrence held the
8:54
lateran and all the roman churches except saint peter's while sumakus was confined by street violence as a
9:01
prisoner in the vatican it was only because by 506 theodoric was
9:06
taking an anti-eastern political stand that he ordered the surrender of all the churches in rome to samakus
9:12
lawrence tactfully withdrew end quote laurentius then retired to a farm owned
9:19
by a senator who had been his patron where he lived peacefully in prayer and fasting until his death
9:25
to bolster his position during the conflict with his rival laurentius the partisans of samakhus and perhaps
9:31
samakus himself created a series of four main forgeries claiming prior precedent to essentially
9:37
put him as pope above the law as the catholic encyclopedia states in its article on
9:44
pope simakus quote the object of these forgeries was to produce alleged instances from earlier times to
9:51
support the whole procedure of the adherence of samakus and in particular the position that the
9:56
roman bishop could not be judged by any court composed of other bishops end quote
10:02
in his work the invention of peter professor george democopolis states as much when he explains
10:08
quote what makes these texts partisan within that pro-papal context is that they narrate the trials and
10:15
tribulations of past papal sovereigns through thinly veiled comparisons to samakos's own troubles
10:21
but they always do so in a way that both reinforces papal autonomy and exonerates simakus end quote
10:28
he adds quote the pro-samakian party produced during the height of the controversy a number of imagined papal
10:36
biographies that either related directly to the charges against sumacus or hoped to insulate him further by
10:42
offering legendary accounts that emphasized the authority and autonomy of peter's successors
10:47
although the stories are very different in content they contain a series of interrelated theses concerning the
10:53
inability of anyone whether lay or ecclesiastic to judge the bishop of rome
10:58
they also offer specific justifications for many of the accusations recently lodged against sumakus
11:05
thus the heroes of these papal biographies all serve as proxies for samakian interests and demonstrate a
11:12
new form of papal rhetoric born in the traditions of the hegemonic claims of the petrine toppos
11:17
end quote in other words with each incident recorded in the life of pope simakus in the liber pontificalis
11:24
there is a corresponding forgery meant to provide evidence as to why he should be acquitted and
11:30
this is no coincidence and the first segment of the liber pontaficalis was written during this time
11:36
this is why the primary editor of the first critical edition of the lieber the catholic priest father louis
11:42
duchenne was also the primary editor of the first critical edition of the samakian
11:48
forgeries now during this period four main forgeries were created by the partisans
11:53
of symmachus entitled justa liberi justa cinodi sinoessene de marcelino
12:00
constitutum silvestri and justa de percutione zesti et polychrony accusatione
12:07
professor demicopoulos summarizes each of the four forgeries in his book the invention of peter as follows quote
12:15
the gestali berry for example tells an apocryphal story of how pope liberius
12:20
was exiled from rome by the heretical emperor constantius when easter approached and it was time
12:26
for the pontiff to perform his annual baptism of catechumens the citizens of rome came to him on the
12:32
outskirts of the city so he could perform the ritual in an austen cemetery
12:37
not only does this text provide a papal precedent for performing baptisms outside of the
12:42
city as symachus was doing at st peter's and claim that the orthodox catechumens of rome would seek to be baptized by the
12:49
authentic pope it also emphasizes that liberius had performed these baptisms on the very
12:54
same site that saint peter had performed baptisms when he was the bishop of rome in other words the justa lee berry
13:01
carefully makes a narrative link between the baptisms of the historic peter a previously exiled but holy pope and
13:08
sumakus who was at that time performing baptisms in the church that housed the relics of saint peter
13:14
end quote symmachus barred from entering the city by the laurentians
13:20
is forced to hold the yearly baptism of catechumens outside the city at a shrine and not in
13:25
the city's main cathedral so a precedent was invented to explain why this was not only acceptable
13:31
but preferable but it does not stop there quote in another of the samakian
13:36
apocrypha the cenote sinusoine gesta we find a fictional tale of how pope marcellinus
13:43
had been brought to a trial by a local synod for having offered incense to pagan idols during the diocletian persecution
13:50
at the moment when the synod was about to pass judgment against the pope a miraculous voice was heard by all to
13:56
proclaim prima cedes known you decapitor aquaculum the first sea will not be judged by
14:03
anyone here again papal biography serves as a narrative weapon to
14:08
insulate samakus from his enemies namely the first synod of 502 which had been ordered by theodoric to
14:15
evaluate the charges against sumakus the biography invents the account of a divine voice proclaiming papal
14:21
sovereignty because the reality of the present circumstances demonstrates just how limited sumaku's authority
14:28
really was end quote you will remember that at the second and third sessions of the third
14:34
synod mentioned above it was decided that the pope could not be judged what almost certainly occurred was
14:41
either the synod acts or themselves forgeries which is possible or the synod was simply working off of
14:47
the forgeries themselves and believed them to be authentic the reason it is one of either two of those
14:53
options is synods make decisions based on prior precedent and as mentioned there would be no
14:59
reason to create forgeries had there been real prior historical precedent for what those forgeries were
15:05
claiming in other words why forge the deed to a house when you already own the house but not
15:12
satisfied with just one forgery proclaiming the bishop of rome to be above the law the forgers doubled down on it and
15:18
created a fictitious synod led by pope saint sylvester issuing 20 cannons and stating emphatically
15:25
that the pope cannot be judged as demicopoulos states quote in the constitution
15:31
silvestri yet another narrative proxy for somakian concerns we find a similar injunction nemo enum
15:38
de judicet no one indeed can judge the first c
15:44
which is designed to insulate the papacy from both secular and rival ecclesiastical interferences
15:50
in this case the decree is put in canonical form authorized by hundreds of bishops pope
15:56
sylvester and the emperor constantine the text maintains that a cleric can be accused
16:02
only by a peer meaning a bishop can be accused only by another bishop not by a priest or deacon and that the
16:09
pope can be accused by no one the text also stresses the importance of celebrating easter in
16:15
unity and emphasizes the pope's role in determining the date of easter as with the other texts these matters
16:22
relate directly to samakian concerns and offer a counter narrative to laurentian accusations and samakian
16:29
humiliations end quote as pointed out earlier zamakus had been summoned by theodoric
16:36
in 502 to answer accusations that he had celebrated easter on the wrong day
16:41
using an older roman calculation he had actually celebrated it about a month prior to laurentius
16:47
who was using the eastern or nicene calculation but you do not need calculations when
16:53
the pope himself can simply determine the date and everyone must simply obey again
16:59
if there were actual historical precedents for the first sea not being judged by anyone why were
17:05
these not brought up as evidence why was forgery immediately resorted to
17:10
the reason is because there were no historical precedents for it
17:16
it should be noted that this statement the first c can be judged by no one first appears
17:22
in the samakian forgeries despite claims that the same theme is found in pope saint galacious shortly
17:28
before an inspection of his letters do not reveal anything like it as galacious is concerned was papaly
17:34
ratified ecumenical councils being overturned the statement the first c can be judged
17:40
by no one is then repeated in the pseudo-izadore de creedels the lieber pontificalis and then in
17:47
various canonical collections to the point that it is part of roman catholic canon law to this very day
17:54
at title 1404 as davis notes in the introduction to his translation
17:59
of the first eight centuries of lives in the liber pontificales quote this material was forged about 502
18:06
to support samakos's claim to the papacy against that of lawrence by producing with other matters
18:13
historical precedence for the claim that councils were not competent to pronounce judgment on the incumbent
18:19
of christendom's first sea simakis's refusal to accede to the council which attempted to depose him
18:25
could thus be justified the principle enunciated prima cedes animene yudicator would be
18:32
of considerable interest to later canon lawyers and the libre pontificalis is our proof
18:38
that within a generation these forgeries had come to be accepted as genuine history
18:43
end quote another accusation brought against symmachus that was to be addressed by the synod
18:49
held by theodore the goth in 502 at romanium and before simakus ran away prior to
18:54
defending himself was that he had been corrupt in his handling of church property
18:59
and that he had been romantically involved with a nun democracy summarizes it thus quote
19:06
in some cases the narratives of the samakian apocrypha are so similar to the accusations against
19:11
samakus that one wonders if they ever fooled anyone the gesta dexisti pregation for example
19:18
notes that pope sixtus iii had been accused by wealthy roman landowners of poorly
19:24
managing church property and of having an adulterous affair with a nun during the trial that exonerates
19:30
sixtus a trial in which the emperor valentinian iii presides accompanied by the entire senate and
19:36
clergy of rome the body of the council once again refuses to pass judgment on the pontifex
19:42
but more important the bishop of rome is made to be the emperor's proxy to literally sit on his chair and to
19:49
serve as the city's leading moral and legal constituted authority in his absence
19:54
end quote the samakian forgeries proved to be popular and rapidly spread the statement
20:01
that the first see is judged by no one suddenly showed up during this time and in the writings of
20:07
two saints anodius pavia and avitus of vienne they were both
20:12
influenced by what they thought were genuine works but were in fact recent fabrications and simply parroted
20:19
erik ibarra makes a big to-do about this in an article on his blog entitled the first c is judged by no one
20:26
historical and critical review of bishop athanasius schneider's op-ed for rarati kali mr ibarra
20:34
gets these from thomas william ayles's work the sea of peter in that article the quotation appears as
20:40
this quote god perchance has willed to terminate the causes of other men
20:45
by means of men but the prelate of that roman sea he has reserved without question to his
20:51
own judgment it is his will that the successors of the blessed apostle peter
20:56
should owe their innocence to heaven alone and should manifest a pure conscience to the inquisition of the
21:02
most severe judge god do you answer such will be the condition of all souls in that
21:07
scrutiny i retort that to one was said thou art peter
21:12
and upon this rock i will build my church and again that by the voice of the holy
21:18
pontiffs the dignity of his sea has been made venerable in the whole world since all the faithful everywhere are
21:24
submitted to it and it is marked out as the head of the whole body end quote thus says saint anodius
21:32
mr ibarra then follows with what is actually several snippets pasted together and not actually an entire quotation
21:39
from a letter by saint avitus of vien on the same topic quote we were in a
21:44
state of anxiety and alarm about the cause of the roman church inasmuch as we felt that our order the
21:50
episcopate of gaul was endangered by an attack upon its head what license for accusation against the
21:57
headship of the universal church ought to be allowed as a roman senator and a christian bishop
22:03
i conjure you that the state of the church be not less precious to you than that of the commonwealth if you
22:09
judge the matter with your profound consideration not merely is that cause which was examined
22:14
at rome to be contemplated but as if in the case of other bishops any danger be incurred
22:20
it can be repaired so if the pope of the city be put into question not a single bishop but the episcopate
22:27
itself will appear to be in danger he who rules the lord's fold will render an account how he
22:34
administers the care of the lambs he entrusted to him but it belongs not to the flock to alarm its own shepherd
22:41
but to the judge god wherefore restored to us if it be not yet restored
22:47
concord in our chief end quote mr ibarra then finishes with a quotation that
22:53
in the work by ales is claimed to be from the council of 499 but the citation in monzi says
22:59
immediately at the top that it is from the so-called palma synod which was the fourth session of
23:05
the third synod held in october 502 as can be seen on the screen mr ibarra
23:11
continues quote the person samakus who was attacked ought himself to have called
23:16
the council knowing that to his sea in the first place the rank or chief ship of the apostle peter
23:23
and then the authority of venerable councils following out the lord's command had committed a power without its like
23:29
in the churches nor would a precedent be easily found to show that in a similar matter the prelate of the aforementioned sea
23:36
had been subject to the judgment of his inferiors end quote two of these three statements were
23:41
written after the council and the third was from the final council in 502 a.d the one in which the locum tenens
23:47
appeared and sumachus refused to cooperate by that time the accusations against
23:53
sumakus were nearly three years old in those three years the pseudo-samakian
23:58
forgeries had more than enough time to spread throughout central italy influencing bishops in their wake after
24:05
a long quotation from trevor jollins mr ibarra continues and expresses
24:11
quote those who forged these samakian documents were appealing to even earlier centuries
24:16
where popes were deemed above the judgment of all inferiors but they are held by historians to be
24:22
spurious accounts i've not done any extensive studies on any particular claim of these
24:27
end quote but this begs the same question we asked at the beginning of the video
24:33
if you already own a house why forge the deed to it if popes were deemed above all judgment
24:40
of inferiors in earlier centuries why not just quote those documents why
24:46
forge brand new ones and then not appeal to the older ones you are claiming are there
24:51
at no point in the samakian controversy did anyone appeal to anything said by popes like saint leo or saint galasios
24:59
precisely because anything those saints may have said concerning papal octoritus
25:04
never indicated to their contemporaries that the pope was above judgment instead it took forgeries to
25:11
create that impression the samakian forgeries though were part of a much larger and much more
25:17
involved effort to reinvent the papacy and were an initial piece in what was growing to become a
25:23
propaganda war within rome itself part two
The Liber Pontificalis
25:28
the lieber pontificalis much of the scholarship on the libre-pontificalis
25:33
dates to the late 1800s and early 1900s when the french catholic priest father
25:39
louis duchenne created the first critical edition of it and as mentioned previously
25:44
father duchenne's interest in the libra was closely tied to his interest in the samakian forgeries
25:49
because they were born out of the same events and same desires that is asserting papal autonomy
25:56
now the first section of the libre-pontificalis is essentially just an imaginative creation
26:01
of the first five centuries of papal history but created in the immediate wake of the somakian laurentian schism
26:08
in the early 6th century as democracy notes quote if there was anything that the
26:14
papal propagandists learned during the somakian laurentian schism it was how the production of papal
26:20
biographies especially those that could be carefully linked to saint peter were an effective means of maintaining a
26:26
narrative of papal hegemony in the face of empirical evidence to the contrary end quote
26:33
in addition quote one of the key features of the liber pontificalis
26:38
is its projection of papal sovereignty against all potential threats especially secular ones end quote
26:46
in other words the entire point of the libra was to rewrite history to make it look as though popes were not
26:52
as helpless and powerless as they really were in the 6th century but how do historians know the libra was
26:58
first composed in the very late 5th or early 6th centuries quote signs that the original author
27:04
has first-hand acquaintance with the events described begin only at the very end of the 5th
27:10
century the lives from leo the first to anastasius ii contain some curious models which are
27:16
best understood as material half remembered from oral tradition for instance the confused account of the council of
27:23
calcidon and 451 and the various references to the schism of acacius patriarch of constantinople
27:30
end quote but the authors got some of their information from previously existing lists of popes
27:35
some containing sparse historical data as well as information regarding the possessions of the church of rome and those
27:42
form the core of the leber from there the authors just improvised heavily and
27:48
filled in the biographical data in its article on the libre the catholic encyclopedia states
27:54
the compiler quote made use of two ancient catalogs or lists of the popes
28:00
taking from them the order of succession the chronological data and also certain historical notes these
28:07
lists were the so-called catalogues liberianus and a list of the popes that varies in
28:13
length in the manuscripts and perhaps depends on the catalogue librionus for the period before the middle of the
28:20
sixth century the catalogues liberianus is so called because it terminates with pope liberius
28:26
it has reached us in the so-called chronographus ani an ancient manuscript that contains the
28:32
valuable lists of the depositio martirum and the depositio episcoporum in the
28:38
catalogus libirijanus there are already short historical notices of some popes
28:43
peter pious pontianus fabianus cornelius lucius
28:50
sistus marcellinus and julius which were taken over by the author of
28:55
the lieber pontificalis for its list of the earliest popes the catalagus liberianus
29:02
was able to draw on the papal catalogue given by hippolytus of rome in his liber genera tionus though even
29:09
this list is not the oldest list of popes it is probable that from the beginning of the second century there was already
29:16
a list of popes which contained short historical notices and was afterwards continued end quote one of those
29:23
pre-existing corpuses the compiler can refer back to is the samakian forgeries
29:28
speaking of the influence of them on the compiler of the libre davis writes quote our compiler inserts
29:34
material from them with no discernible polemical motive at what he will have believed were the
29:39
historically correct points in the lives of the 4th century marcelinus and sylvester hence the
29:46
fictitious councils held under sylvester depicted in the murals at san sebastiano
29:51
on the via appia outside of rome and in that of chistus iii
29:56
the forged material contains various disciplinary canons supposed to have been passed by church
30:02
councils the libra pontificalis is quite prepared to wrench these from their already
30:07
fictitious context and scatter them on no apparent principle through a large number of the
30:12
lives in addition he seems to have had more material of this kind not known to us or invented by himself
30:20
this he treats in the same way the result is that no material of this kind in the libre-pontificalis
30:26
before the 6th century can be trusted unless confirmed elsewhere end quote davis
30:33
not phased by what most would consider bald-faced lying takes a much more lighthearted and
30:38
humorous view of the libra's early authors and their willingness to lie saying quote
30:44
there is no point in deploring the mendacity of a compiler who is prepared to invent material
30:50
to fill the lives before his own time we should rather be thankful that he gave the lead to the continuators
30:56
who would preserve analogous and genuine information in the later lives the historian thus has to discount a
31:03
great deal of fiction in the earliest parts of the libra pontificalis but the material retains its value for
31:09
bringing us into contact with beliefs held in the early 6th century by those of no great learning
31:16
with the developments taking place in the genre of hegeographical literature and with the working methods of a
31:21
chronicler at that time end quote the libra though forms a basis for later forgeries
31:27
in that it creates the outline for the decretals in the pseudo-isidore quote and the false decreetles
31:34
themselves owe some of their inspiration and material to the libra pontificalis it is no
31:39
coincidence that the consular dates assigned in them to fictitious early papal letters are only genuine when the councils are
31:46
mentioned in the libre-pontificalis end quote part 3
The Donation of Constantine
31:53
the donation of constantine sometime in the mid-8th century perhaps
31:58
no later than 760 a.d an anonymous cleric either at the lateran in rome
32:04
or in the kingdom of the franks penned a two-part forgery this forgery depicted in 13th century
32:10
painting in the chapel of saint sylvester in the church of the four crowned saints in rome is probably the most famous of all
32:17
forgeries in church history and is known as the donation of constantine the catholic encyclopedia states quote
32:25
it is addressed by constantine to pope sylvester the first and consists of two parts in the first
32:31
entitled confessio the emperor relates how he was instructed in the christian faith by
32:36
sylvester makes a full profession of faith and tells of his baptism in rome by that
32:41
pope and how he was thereby cured of leprosy in the second part the donatio constantine is made to
32:48
confer on sylvester and his successors the following privileges and possessions the pope as successor of saint peter has
32:56
the primacy over the four patriarchs of antioch alexandria constantinople and jerusalem
33:03
also over all the bishops in the world the lateran basilica at rome built by
33:09
constantine shall surpass all churches as their head similarly the churches of saint peter
33:15
and saint paul shall be endowed with rich possessions moreover
33:20
the emperor makes a present to the pope and his successors of the lateran palace of rome and the provinces districts and
33:28
towns of italy and all the western regions the document goes on to say that for himself
33:34
the emperor has established in the east a new capital which bears his name and fever he removes his government
33:40
since it is inconvenient that a secular emperor have power where god has established the residence
33:46
of the head of the christian religion the document concludes with maledictions against all who dare to violate
33:52
these donations and with the assurance that the emperor has signed them with his own hand and placed them on the tomb of saint
33:59
peter this document is without a doubt a forgery fabricated somewhere between the years
34:05
750 and 850 a.d it is so clearly a fabrication that
34:10
there is no reason to wonder that with the revival of historical criticism in the 15th century
34:16
the true character of the document was at once recognized end quote
34:22
the sources for the documents are clear as the same section of the catholic encyclopedia notes
34:27
quote the narrative of the conversion and healing of the emperor is based on the apocryphal
34:33
acts of sylvester acta or justa silvestri yet all the particulars of the donatzio
34:39
narrative do not appear in the hitherto known text of that legend the distinctions conferred on the pope
34:45
and the cardinals of the roman church the forger probably invented and described according to certain
34:51
contemporary rites and the court ceremonial of the roman and byzantine emperors
34:56
the author also used the biographies of the popes in the libra pontaficalis likewise 8th century letters of the
35:02
popes especially in his account of the imperial donations end quote while the location of its
35:09
creation is speculated to be either the frankish kingdom or the city of rome itself and
35:15
compelling arguments can be made for each place the anonymous author is completely lost
35:20
to history the main argument behind the document being from the frankish realm is that it first appears there the main
35:27
argument behind the document being a roman invention is the papacy being the main benefactor of the forgery
35:34
as well as a desire by the papacy to reclaim papal holdings the franks had conquered from the lombards
35:39
who in turn had taken them from the popes no consensus has been reached regardless
35:45
nonetheless the documents soon took hold and appeared in canonical collections even in the east
35:51
with noted eastern canonists such as balsamon and blastaris considering it legitimate
35:57
and saint mark of ephesus considering it so as well no doubt balsamin blastares and others were
36:03
influenced to do so by the logic behind the donatio the emperor had given primacy to rome
36:10
because it was the head of the empire so the emperor could and did give primacy to constantinople
36:15
as first rome had been reckoned to have fallen away leaving only constantinople or new rome
36:21
as the sole inheritor of church leadership the donatio had such widespread
36:26
influence that it was quoted in a long passage by the gregorian reformer pope leo the ninth to michael carolarius
36:33
in 1054 as part of the argument as to why kellarius should kowtow to rome
36:39
it also appears often in an altered form in many manuscripts of the pseudo-izadore de creedels
36:45
and is even quoted within the decretals the work was so influential that when papam met the pope he
36:52
dismounted and led the pope's horse on foot as that is what constantine has claimed to have done in the acta silvestri and
36:59
donatio scenes from the donatio is painted in the chapel of saint sylvester
37:04
in the church of the four crowned saints in rome as well as again in the old saint peter's hall of constantine
37:09
pictured here and painted by giulio romano who had been a student of the famous painter and architect rafael
37:17
now the document is not long it is actually fairly short combined the two parts run only about 10
37:24
pages and a link to them can be found in the video description below figures as early as the holy roman
37:31
emperor otto iii in the 10th century as well as nicholas of cusa in the 13th century
37:37
john of torcamada in the 15th century and erasmus of rotterdam in the 16th
37:42
century had all expressed doubts about it but it was not until the year 1440 a.d
37:48
that renaissance humanist priest and scholar of classics lorenzo vala put forward the first
37:54
argument formally demonstrating the text to be a forgery via linguistic historical and textual
38:00
analysis and entitled it de falso
38:07
or discourse on the forgery of the alleged donation of constantine vala's book was put on the index of
38:14
forbidden books by the catholic church but later voices such as the roman catholic baronis in the 16th century
38:21
further forwarded vala's conclusions as the quotations above demonstrate the catholic church now regards the work
38:28
as a forgery part 4 the pseudo-isidore de creedels
The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
38:35
despite the donation of constantine being the most famous work of forgery it is not necessarily the most
38:40
influential that would go to the pseudo-izadore de creedels more commonly known as the false
38:46
decreedles though many works have been written on the false decretals among them the very
38:51
popular book by e.h davenport entitled rather unimaginatively the false decreedles a tremendous amount
38:59
of scholarship on them has been done since davenport published his work in 1916
39:04
and so the work we will be quoting from most extensively in this section is papal letters in the
39:10
early middle ages by detlev jasper and horst furman published in 2001. furman considered to be the
39:17
world's expert on the pseudo-izadorian decretals until his death in 2011 at the age of 85
39:23
was a medievalist and professor at the university of tubingen and the university of regensburg as well
39:29
as the president of the prestigious monumenta germane historica from 1971 to 1994
39:36
and president of the bavarian academy of sciences the austrian academy of sciences
39:41
the academy de inscription et beller and the medieval academy of america as
39:47
well as being a fellow of the british academy his voluminous writings on the topic
39:52
originally in german have slowly made their way into english and have formed the foundation for all
39:57
the recent work on the false decretals unlike the donation of constantine to
40:02
which no clue concerning the author's identity remain and heavy debate rages concerning the place of composition
40:08
for the false decretals various identities have been floated but more as a compiler and organizer of
40:14
the project than an actual scribe and these typically focus around various habits
40:19
such as pascasius radbertus but the location of the majority of the composition
40:24
is largely settled on the monastery at corby in north central france while the date of composition is almost
40:31
certainly between 847 and 852 a.d as for why it was done furman states
40:38
the academic consensus quote the most widely accepted opinion today holds that the forger or forgers are to
40:45
be sought in the circle of the adherences of or the opponents to hinkmar of reams and
40:51
that all so-called pseudo-izadorian forgeries originated at one place in the western frankish realm or in
40:58
connection with it end quote now the earliest traces of them are in 852
41:04
when they go of trier attempted to claim the role of primate over the other metropolitans
41:09
an office created by pseudo isidore again in 852 we see hinkmar of reams
41:16
gathering his clergy into council or promulgating statutes two of which are from the pseudo-isidore
41:22
from there popularity for the false decretals spread rapidly throughout gaul before winding up as far as can be told
41:30
directly in rome with little to no indication they appeared anywhere else prior to their discrete adoption
41:36
and usage by rome in the 860s though early polemics placed the composition solely in the lap of rome
41:43
the impetus for their creation seems fairly clear and that the rule of law had broken down in the frankish kingdoms
41:49
particularly under louis the pious it should be understood that under frankish inheritance laws
41:55
all property was equally divided among sons meaning that when a king died suddenly several successor states arose
42:02
out of the former unity and more often than not they began fighting one another
42:08
added into this major viking raids had begun in 841 with the sack of ruon and again in 845
42:15
with the siege of paris quote one speaks of the period after charlemagne as that of the dissolution
42:21
of the empire the central authority dwindled fragmentary realms arose
42:27
the insecurity of rights became a preoccupation and legal structures were increasingly being destroyed by the incursions of the
42:34
northmen powerful secular rulers on all levels intervened rigorously in ecclesiastic
42:40
organizations alienating the property of the church between 818 and 845 bishops in significant numbers
42:48
were deposed or driven from their seas and secular judges tried clerics in criminal trials
42:54
reforming synods achieved little with their calls for reform and no improvement could have been expected
42:59
after the breakup of the empire in 843 even the chief instrument of secular legislation the capitularies
43:06
which were supposed to have effect in the entire empire had grown weak end quote
43:13
another commentator the one of far less repute than furman and writing in the early 1900s e.h
43:19
davenport adds quote in those recurrent civil wars whenever a bishop found himself upon the
43:26
losing side he was inevitably robbed by the winning side moreover priests were sometimes murdered
43:32
and bishops often falsely accused and condemned by secular not ecclesiastical tribunals there was
43:39
as little respect for the church's servants as for its property end quote
43:44
the church men desperate to see the halt to the slaughter and kangaroo courts their fellow clerics were regularly put
43:50
through in the midst of what sounds like utter chaos and social upheaval invented the decretals in such
43:56
situations it is normal for an all-encompassing nostalgia for the simpler times to develop
44:02
and as the forgers had no real source for such nostalgia they simply invented it quote the
44:08
pseudo-izadorian forgeries are often placed in the context of a reform effort arising from a world awash with legal
44:15
uncertainty they concerned themselves with far more than ecclesiastical jurisdiction
44:20
they wrote about the liturgy the sacraments and marital law further sketching an image of the vita
44:26
primitiva which has been called a vision of a church in a golden age end quote in addition to the chaos
44:34
coming directly from the civil wars the power of the metropolitans was stifling to the point that all other
44:40
bishops were simply the metropolitan's lackeys davenport comments quote charlemagne
44:46
in reviving the old canon law which was replete with rules for the rights and duties of the metropolitan archbishop
44:53
may have given new life to the order itself but he was too autocratic to allow the
44:58
metropolitans to become powerful it was not until the weekly rule of louis the pious
45:04
that they found an opportunity for self-aggrandizement after which their rise to power was
45:09
rapid by the middle of the 9th century immediately prior to the false decreedles
45:14
they had become the life and soul of their provinces the two jurisdictions of synod and
45:20
metropolitan tended to merge the one within the other end quote the reason
45:25
for this was simple the metropolitans were appointed by the local civil authority and were therefore hard-pressed to go
45:32
against the decisions of the person to whom they owed their appointment if they did the result would be ugly
45:38
this meant that when a local ruler took issue with a bishop the metropolitan would likely take the
45:43
side of the local ruler while the bishop would be put through a kangaroo court the bishops in the eyes of the forgers
45:50
were the real victims as figureheads of ecclesiastical power the bishops were soon sold out by their
45:56
metropolitans from above while simultaneously being subverted by the chore episcopy from below
46:02
the forgers though had a solution for this quote in pseudo-izadore the growth of papal
46:08
power served to protect the position of bishops indeed it was not the pope but the bishops who
46:14
were called the keys of the church according to an understanding of cyprian and for whose invulnerability
46:20
all were to cooperate the lord had granted to them the power of binding and loosing
46:25
accusations against them were no longer to be handled by provincial and national synods cases that touched upon their
46:32
prerogatives were called cause maeros and reserved to the pope who alone had the right to confirm the
46:38
decisions of the councils papal rights were stressed when used to defend the suffragan's bishops
46:44
end quote he later adds quote the fact that these protections were
46:49
reinforced by the newly created office of primate as well as through an extensive strengthening of papal power
46:55
can only be understood from the desire of the forger to restrict the privileges of the metropolitan with papal authority
47:01
to the advantage of the bishops end quote for the forageries of pseudo-isidore the
47:07
bishops would have immediate access to the pope a person independent of the frankish rulers in this way
47:14
the forgers were able to remove the frankish rulers from the situation in an attempt to restore independence to
47:19
the local bishops that is as long as the pope was impartial further
47:24
as mentioned earlier when referring to thegoad of trier the false decreetals create a new office
47:29
above the metropolitan that of the primate and they state that in the largest city of each old roman
47:36
province the bishop there was to be named the primate and he would rule over the metropolitans and keep them
47:42
in check but in the minds of the forgers even the office of primate could be overruled by the pope of rome
47:49
pseudo-izadore also has an axe to grind with the chore episcopy whom he sees as contenders and
47:55
underminers of bishops which is why he relegates the chore episcopy to the rank of simple priests
48:00
thus nullifying the competition the lengths the forgers went to protect a bishop were stunning
48:06
quote a significant goal of the forgeries was to protect suffragin's bishops from intervention by the metropolitans
48:13
the provincial synods or the secular power trial procedure and the possibility of deposing bishops
48:20
are rendered immeasurably difficult for example no layman no subject no alien or freed
48:26
man no one who is an enemy of the bishop no one infamous could accuse the bishop particularly not
48:33
before a secular court end quote if an accusation were made against a bishop
48:39
it would take no less than 72 witnesses to condemn the bishop further at any point in the
48:44
investigation and trial the accused bishop could appeal to the pope who could overrule the current trial
48:50
and then set up his own this contradicts the sardican cannons which state that a bishop can only
48:55
appeal to rome after the verdict is given further according to the canons of sartica
49:02
rome's role was purely as a review court deciding whether or not the appeal deserved to be heard
49:08
if the answer was yes then the appeal would have to be sent to a province adjacent to the condemned bishop's own
49:14
province and be heard by bishops there perhaps with roman clerics joining the judges
49:19
another step pseudo isidore takes is known as the exceptio spoilie meaning that when a bishop is deposed
49:26
they cannot have their property taken from them nor can they be removed from their sea or imprisoned until rome has ruled on it
49:33
this however is not in the sardican canons at all which simply states that a bishop who appeals to rome
49:39
cannot be replaced by another bishop until rome has rejected his appeal or that the appeals court in the
49:46
adjacent province has twice condemned him now though we refer to pseudo-izadore as
49:52
he it was not just one forger who created the forgeries commonly known under the appellative pseudo-izadore
49:59
this was a concerted effort that required a team or perhaps several teams operating under the direction of a head
50:05
or committee as furman notes quote the vast extant and skilled preparation make it unlikely
50:12
that a single person created the forgeries instead we must assume a circle of forgers with access to a rich
50:19
library producing and distributing products of highly various types end quote furthermore what we call the
50:26
collection of forgeries commonly called pseudo-izadore is actually a group of forgeries
50:32
and it is the fourth part of these forgeries which is also the largest that is properly known as pseudo-isidore
50:38
due to that section's introduction claiming to be written by a certain isidore mercator
50:44
or isadore the merchant although there are manuscripts with the name written as
50:49
isidore peccator or isadore the sinner which has led some experts to believe
50:55
the appellative of mercator is purely a scribal error that simply gained ground
51:00
early on this isadore soon became associated with the 7th century bishop
51:06
saint isidore of seville for reasons that will be discussed later on but the collection commonly known as
51:12
pseudo-isidore is typically broken into four parts part 1 the collectio hispana gallica augusto
51:19
denensis part 2 the so-called capitula angel romney
51:24
part three the capitulary collection of benedictus levita and part four the
51:30
pseudo-isadorian decretals further evidence the forgeries were produced in the same place
51:36
or within a close vicinity and by teams answering to a head or a committee is that they appear in one another and
51:43
play off of one another as if they were all developed in conjunction being as each section of the
51:49
false decretals deserves its own description we will now delve into all four parts
51:54
the first section is known as the collectio hispana gallica augusto dunensis the spanish canon law
52:01
known as the collectio hispana began to circulate within frankish gaul and then became known as collectio
52:08
hispana gallica this then was used by the forgers who went through and edited it
52:13
both improving the latin occasionally removing cannons while adding others and adding to existing ones often times
52:20
through merging together different cannons and adding in small amounts of new material to make two or more cannons
52:27
appear as if they were discussing one cannon and the same topic thus giving a new meaning and intent to
52:34
said canons this new forged collection known as the collectio hispana gallica
52:40
augusto dunensis is the first of the four parts of the false decreetles
52:45
it should be noted that in the other three sections of the false decreetles whenever a writer cites cannons they are
52:51
recited from the forged hispana gallica augusto dunensis almost exclusively
52:57
the second section known as the capitula angel romney is named after bishop angoram of mets
53:04
and claims to be a letter sent to him by pope hadrian the first who died in 795 a.d and is therefore
53:11
also occasionally known as the capitula hadriani it is comprised of 71 or 72 sayings
53:18
that have been slightly adapted and is occupied with the question of how you deal with accusations against the
53:23
episcopate quote a major source of the capitula anger romney
53:28
is roman law specifically in its visigothic redaction among others this breviarium allora
53:35
sianum and its epitomi perisciences and agidi sentiente pauli but other sources are
53:42
the dionysio hydriana cassiodoruses historia tripartita
53:48
and other sources also drawn upon in the false to creedals end quote the third section called the
53:54
capitulary collection of benedictus levita also known as benedict the deacon
54:00
is a collection of three books and four additions and claims to be written by a deacon
54:05
benedict who is commissioned by archbishop otgar of mainz the compiler claims they found almost
54:11
all of their materials at the library at the church of mainz now about 25 of his material is actual
54:18
legitimate quotations with the other 75 percent being forgeries according to fuhrman the sources
54:24
consisted of quote the bible councils decreedles
54:30
roman law germanic codes penitentials writings of the fathers of the church
54:35
more recent theological writings the dionysio hadriana irish canon
54:41
collections and so on on the whole the circle of sources is smaller but in some cases
54:47
he used a broader body of material than the forgers of the pseudo-izadorian decretals drew upon
54:52
for example besides a series of synods that are not exploited in the false decreedles he used the breviatio canonum of
55:00
falgentius ferondus the collectio vetus gallica from which he took early frankish councils
55:06
extensive roman legal sources and capitula episcoporum which were surprisingly omitted by the
55:13
pseudo-isadorian decretals end quote the fourth and final section of the false decretals
55:19
is the pseudo-isidore de creedels and using the liber pontificalis as their backdrop the forgers were
55:25
trying to fill in the blanks quote the libre pontificalis in particular is exploited as a historical guide
55:32
insofar as pseudo-izadore creates decreedles for popes on the basis of the entries which he finds here
55:38
on the activities of individual popes and fills those to creedles with his constructions end quote
55:45
in other words when the libra pontificalis states a council was held by pope x in year y pseudo-izadore creates the
55:53
decrees of this council when the leber mentions pope x also wrote a letter to bishop z
55:58
pseudo-izadore creates said letter using snippets from the sources listed above
56:04
taking this into account it can be broken down as follows decretals from clement the first to
56:10
melchiottis consisting of 60 decretals of which 58 are forgeries from 30 popes
56:17
making up more than 220 pages these are followed by a treatise
56:22
entitled on the primitive church and the synod of nicaea and then a reworked version of the
56:28
constitutum constantini as found in the donation of constantine
56:33
followed by three shorter forgeries on nicaea and canons from 54 councils with copious reworking and outright
56:40
forgeries mixed in throughout finally several dozen papal decretals and decrees of councils consisting of 33
56:47
popes from the time of pope sylvester to pope gregory ii of this collection 36 decretals and
56:54
decrees are forgeries a further discussion on this can be found in pages 161
57:00
through 169 in jasper and furman's work entitled papal letters in the early medieval ages
57:07
quote the false decreedles comprehend primarily papal letters and councils from clement
57:12
the first and anacletus the first through gregory the first whose letters
57:17
are followed by the roman council of gregory ii in 721 a.d of all the medieval canon law
57:24
collections arranged in chronological order the pseudo-izadorian decretals were the most
57:29
widely distributed work being even more widely distributed than the dionysio hadriana end quote
57:36
not even the canonical collection of dionysius exegus which was commissioned by pope saint
57:42
hermistus and given the papal stamp of approval was as widely and as intensely circulated as the canons of
57:48
pseudo-izadore not only was it circulated far and wide but the sources the forgers used were
57:54
vast quote through considerable portions pseudo isidore did not forge his
58:00
materials freely but rather composed them of highly varied often heavily edited excerpts the number
58:07
of these excerpts pieced together like a mosaic could have amounted to more than ten thousand among the sources
58:15
he extensively exploited were the bible extensively partly in the vulgate form
58:21
partly in the vetis latina partly even in a version of his own varying from all known traditions
58:28
rulings of councils decreedless sources of roman law the germanic codes capitularies
58:36
penitentials writings and letters of fathers of the church bishops and private persons
58:41
the edict des recta fide of emperor justinian the first the constitutum constantini the liber
58:48
pontificalis and rules of monastic orders he used very few of these sources
58:54
in their original form end quote now it should be noted that davenport
59:00
writing in 1916 thought the forgeries had minimal influence upon the papacy
59:06
he states quote briefly the movement in the roman church towards universal primacy
59:11
was never due to the false decreedles because it was already making way before they came to rome
59:17
the false decreedles merely served as a fortuitous confirmation of certain of the papal principles
59:22
it was not till the latter half of the 11th century that they were openly welcomed the bishops of rome in the 10th treated
59:29
them with no little reserve end quote but is this actually true
59:35
according to furman quote the false decreedles appear to have reached rome and the papacy during the pontificate of
59:42
nicholas the first probably in a.d or 864
59:47
end quote we can actually see the gradual influence of pseudo-izadore
59:52
over pope nicholas the first case in point in 858 some bishops suspicious of a letter by
59:59
pope melchiotis in pseudo-izadore wrote to pope nicholas asking him for the full text of said letter
1:00:05
as it pertained to a case in which they desired to depose bishop hermann of nevers for insanity
1:00:12
nicholas responds but ignores the topic of the letter of melchiotis indicating he probably did not know
1:00:17
about it but was trying to save face fast-forward four years when bishop rotha the second of swa-song
1:00:24
appealed to pope nicholas the first after being deposed by hinkmar of reams and we suddenly see a series of
1:00:30
clear examples that nicholas had not only received the false decreetals but had embraced them fervently nicholas
1:00:38
responds to the frankish bishops using pseudo-izadori to explain that they were not allowed to depose a bishop without
1:00:44
first asking rome this theme appears again in the photian schism when pope nicholas claims
1:00:50
saint ignatius could not be deposed without the permission of the pope and that the pope could reopen any
1:00:56
episcopal trial without appeal this principle is nowhere
1:01:02
in the legitimate canonical literature of the first millennium but it is in pseudo-isidore
1:01:08
and it is repeated by pseudo isidore again and again it might be said that it is the entire
1:01:15
reason for his forgeries now one would be justified to assume
1:01:20
that rotha ii had appealed to rome according to the sardican cannons which allowed deposed clerics to appeal
1:01:27
to the pope who would then decide if said cleric deserved a re-trial and then kick it
1:01:32
back to a provincial synod in a province adjacent to the deposed bishops province but that is not the case in fact
1:01:40
during the proceedings pope nicholas reiterates four oft repeated themes in
1:01:46
pseudo-isadore the first is that at any point during a court case
1:01:52
the bishop on trial can appeal to rome the sardican cannons though make it clear the bishop must already be
1:01:58
deposed to do so second nicholas claims that calling a general counsel was a right only rome
1:02:05
has again this appears nowhere in the genuine canonical sources from the first
1:02:11
millennium as the calling of a general council was usually done by the emperor and in the case of nicea 2 by the
1:02:18
ecumenical patriarch of constantinople the third is that the deposition of
1:02:23
bishops was reserved for the pope again this is a new theme within
1:02:29
pseudo-izadore the fourth point pope nicholas repeats from pseudo-izadore
1:02:34
is that bishops can keep all of their property and their position until judgment is given by rome in the
1:02:40
sardican canons the bishop is indeed considered deposed and is no longer the bishop of their sea
1:02:46
but they cannot be replaced until either rome has decided to reject their appeal for retrial
1:02:52
or the re-trial twice finds them guilty of the original offense pope nicholas
1:02:58
never quotes sudo isidore directly but repeatedly alludes to the collection
1:03:04
quote they were those who have persisted in the catholic faith unto the last days of their lives whose
1:03:10
decreetals must always be preserved by the roman church and which the church has rightfully venerated in her archives and old
1:03:17
monuments without doubt nicholas is speaking of the decretals of martyr and professor
1:03:22
popes whose respect he demands in words bordering on a hymn papal decrees from the time of
1:03:28
persecution did not exist in the most widely distributed genuine chronological historical
1:03:34
collections either in the dionysio hadriana or in the hispana
1:03:39
the oldest decretal in either of these is the letter of pope cyrisius to the metropolitan hymerios of taragona
1:03:46
decrees by martyred popes and indeed tote tanta de cretalia statute were to be
1:03:53
found only in the decretal collection of pseudo-izadore end quote in fact midway through that
1:03:59
letter nicholas proclaimed the decretals of the bishop of rome must be received even when they are not
1:04:06
contained in the book of canons quote a question in its own right often posed
1:04:12
is whether pope nicholas himself knew the false decreedles or whether it was the papal librarian
1:04:17
anastasius who introduced the pope to pseudo-isadore as the scribe of the letters in question
1:04:22
or whether anastasius communicated his knowledge of the forgeries to nicholas a decision
1:04:28
in this matter is difficult and it does not contribute much as ernst perils
1:04:33
the editor of the letters of nicholas says the policy of pope nicholas and the writings issued under his name
1:04:40
when taken as a whole form a unity for our question which is the acceptance
1:04:45
of pseudo isidore in rome the significance of the pontificate of nicholas the first consists of the circumstances that the
1:04:52
false decreetals were probably brought to rome then it was essentially more significant that
1:04:57
nicholas's own concept of the church and the mission of the bishop of rome created assumptions that prepared the
1:05:03
way for many of the principles of pseudo-izadore the core of the ecclesiological
1:05:08
consciousness of nicholas the first was the responsibility of the roman bishop for the entire church
1:05:14
the pope is the apostolic sea and this is the ecclesia romana the summary of the universal church the
1:05:22
body is summarized in its head and must follow its direction to document this attitude and his decisions
1:05:28
nicholas did not need to resort to the forgeries but it was precisely due to their congruence with his concepts
1:05:35
that the pseudo-izadorian decretals entered rome not as a stranger but as a confirmation of many of the
1:05:41
papacy's own convictions end quote this lends credence to the idea that not only was nicholas
1:05:47
proposing something novel but that he was quite possibly aware the forgeries were indeed forgeries
1:05:53
but proceeded forward with them seeing that he could justify his own novel claims for jasper and furman the
1:05:59
first documented case of the decretals being known and used in rome was rethought the second's appeal to
1:06:04
pope nicholas in 863 a.d in 864 but as mentioned before
1:06:10
there is an even earlier example of it using identical standards and that is when pope nicholas attempted
1:06:16
to claim universal jurisdiction over episcopal depositions a concept found nowhere else except in
1:06:22
the pseudo-izadorian decretals during the dispute between saint ignatius and saint photius
1:06:28
in his book papal primacy from its origins to the present catholic priest and professor of church
1:06:35
history father klaus schatz writes quote it is certain that a decade or two later
1:06:41
pope nicholas the first knew the false decreedles and made use of them for example his conflict with patriarch
1:06:47
photius end quote in this particular instance we see nicholas write to emperor michael
1:06:53
demanding he send roman delegates to constantinople for the council there in 861
1:06:58
to review the case regarding the deposition of saint ignatius and installment of saint photius in fact
1:07:05
it was pope nicholas's lust for power that was a direct cause of the fodian schism when he
1:07:10
to the surprise and confusion of the eastern prelates disastrously insurgent himself into
1:07:15
constantinople's church politics throughout the history of the church many saints have exhibited
1:07:21
characteristics of hunger for power but ultimately used it for the good of the church such as saint constantine the great or
1:07:28
the emperor saint justinian but pope nicholas's lust for power had no benefit for the church
1:07:34
and perhaps for this reason he was deprived of canonization in the east pope hadrian makes even more allusions
1:07:41
to sudo isadore in a letter concerning a gathering in july 869 a.d in rome
1:07:47
regarding the marriage of king lothar ii two bishops who were deposed and then excommunicated
1:07:53
there are 38 citations to pseudo isidore cataloged that is 38 citations to
1:08:00
forgeries in just one papal letter keep in mind this acceptance and absorption of the
1:08:06
church's greatest forgeries is all going on before and during the fodian schism
1:08:12
when the pope was using pseudo-isidore to attempt to control the east quote it is probably that
1:08:19
hadrian ii in 868 a.d was the first pope to send a pseudo-isidorian work
1:08:25
as an instruction on canonical norms to prevent bishops and brittany from submitting themselves in the future to
1:08:31
secular courts rather than presenting such cases to the metropolitan or the pope he gave the capitul angel romney to
1:08:38
bishop akhtard of nant the accompanying letter to king solomon iii of brittany
1:08:44
was a clear indication of how the secular ruler was to conduct himself in the future end quote further evidence pope hadrian
1:08:51
ii was an enthusiastic user of pseudo-isidore came when quote one bishop had been
1:08:57
translated and another deposed both central pseudo-isadorian themes
1:09:02
the pope approved the transfer and cited a text of pope antaris that a change of bishops could take
1:09:08
place in response to pressing necessity and the desire of the congregation hadrian did not succeed in bringing the
1:09:14
deposition of the bishop under his jurisdiction and he had to accept the autonomy of the west frankish episcopate
1:09:20
end quote pope john viii who was bishop of rome during the pro-photian council
1:09:25
in 879 a.d which annulled the anti-photian synod of 869 was an enthusiastic user of the
1:09:32
decretals quote under pope john viii the pseudo-isadorian decretals
1:09:37
seem to be handled with a certain obviousness in this pope's letters are found some
1:09:42
citations of pseudo-isidore but something else is more important many of the legal concepts
1:09:48
that are formed or stressed in the false decreetals are clearly expressed by john the eighth hence the principle exception is played
1:09:55
upon in a trial the accused and the accuser should be present infamous persons should not be admitted
1:10:02
and the episcopal dignity should not suffer damage as sudo izadori had proclaimed the
1:10:08
equivalency and equal rank of the primate and the patriarch so too john viii proclaimed that
1:10:13
primatibus alius patriarcos novimus apillari this is an obvious reference to
1:10:20
pseudo-anclitus end quote as mentioned earlier pseudo isidore quickly became more popular
1:10:27
than even the collection created under dionysius exeggus and commissioned by pope hormistas
1:10:33
according to furman the reason for this was quote the very breadth of the pseudo-isadorian
1:10:38
decreedles was one reason for their success it is the most extensive collection of canon law arranged in a historical
1:10:45
chronological order end quote he adds to this later when writing quote the false to credel as well as the
1:10:51
capitularies of benedictus levita are presented as supplements to genuine works and they draw
1:10:57
extensively from common sources end quote in short the reasons why pseudo-izadori
1:11:04
became so popular had to do with the ease of use part 5 the gregorian reforms and beyond
The Gregorian Reforms and Beyond
1:11:13
after the tumultuous and morally bankrupt reign of pope benedict the ninth reformers within the roman curia began a
1:11:20
long journey towards ending corruption via vastly expanding papal power and jurisdiction
1:11:25
their main goals were the ending of simony clerical marriage and investiture that being the secular
1:11:31
authority handing to the bishop the symbols of their authority this movement typically known as the
1:11:37
gregorian reforms and named after pope gregory vii who reigned as pope from 1073
1:11:42
a.d to 1085 predated gregory vii in fact the first major
1:11:49
example of this was pope leo ix who upon taking office in 1049 immediately held a series of councils in
1:11:56
cologne aachen mainz saxony and reims in which clerical marriage and simony
1:12:02
were condemned when the patriarch of constantinople michael cerullarious
1:12:07
closed down latin churches in constantinople for using unleavened bread leo ix responded by sending a letter to
1:12:14
the byzantine emperor michael the first claiming cereal aryus had no right to do so
1:12:19
and bolstered his claim to his own universal reign by citing a gigantic section of text from the donation of
1:12:26
constantine even leo the ninth emissary cardinal humbert who placed the bowl of excommunication
1:12:33
onto the altar of the agiosophia during liturgy was himself an ardent supporter
1:12:38
of not just the reforms being pushed but the novel theology behind it this is clearly seen
1:12:45
in the work de sancta romana ecclesia by cardinal humbert father klaus schatz a catholic priest
1:12:53
and professor of church history in commenting on this work writes quote what is new here is not the set of
1:13:00
individual elements terms and associations but their ordering and the overall conception
1:13:06
their very concentration and complexity yields a new comprehensive picture in which the roman
1:13:12
church is no longer merely the center and bond of unity but the very source and origin of
1:13:18
all churches primacy has become the central point for understanding what the church is and at the same time the source of
1:13:25
the church's entire life end quote the next clear indication of the mounting reforms were in 1059 a.d
1:13:32
when pope nicholas ii after waging a war against his papal rival benedict the 10th
1:13:37
used the donation of constantine to give richard of aversa to kapua and robert guiscard with sicily appulia
1:13:44
and calabria and did so citing the donation of constantine nicholas ii's successor alexander ii
1:13:52
was another reforming pope and is most notorious for giving the papal blessing to william the conqueror
1:13:58
before his invasion of england in 1066 with william was sent a letter from the
1:14:03
pope to the english hierarchs ordering them to be obedient to the new norman rulers
1:14:08
immediately after the invasion pope alexander ii made his old teacher lon frank of beck
1:14:15
the new archbishop of canterbury it was lon frank of beck who in his role
1:14:20
as archbishop of canterbury introduced the pseudo-isadorian de creedels into england
1:14:25
there's no solid evidence of them in the british isles prior to lon frank taking up the primatial sea
1:14:31
in england with the death of alexander ii hildebrand of savannah was elected pope
1:14:37
in 1073 a.d and became known as gregory vii and it is to him that the appellative gregorian
1:14:44
reforms is typically attributed now gregory vii was not a newcomer to
1:14:50
the reform movement he had been closely associated with its members from his first years as a monk
1:14:55
in fact when leo ix was elected pope in his entourage that came to rum was
1:15:01
hildebrand hildebrand was also the head of the delegation to mainz that obtained
1:15:06
the election of pope victor ii while still the archbishop of milan and prior
1:15:11
to his election as pope alexander ii worked closely with both peter damien and hildebrand to end
1:15:17
simony and clerical marriage hildebrand despite being outside of rome on diplomatic work at the time of the
1:15:23
election was a key player in nicholas ii being named pope over and against his papal rival
1:15:29
benedict the ninth moreover when nicholas ii invested guisecard and aversa
1:15:35
with various territories in southern italy citing the donation of constantine hildebrand was present with him so
1:15:43
it should be stressed that hildebrand was very much an insider and very much involved with
1:15:49
several previous popes who were pushing the western church in a very specific direction
1:15:54
based largely on forgeries the difference between those previous popes and hildebrand
1:15:59
now gregory vii was how he packaged it and presented it father klaus schatz states quote
1:16:07
this is especially evident in gregory vii's conception of papal primacy an aggressive and compact expression of
1:16:14
his consciousness of his papal power appears in his didactus pape of 1075 a.d this document became a
1:16:21
virtually unrivaled symbol of a papacy whose claim to sovereign power caused it
1:16:26
practically speaking to appear as a replacement for christ in fact it inevitably produces this
1:16:33
impression on the reader the underlying tone of the entire document emerges in the statement
1:16:38
that the pope alone can do everything in the church without him nothing can be validly or
1:16:44
legally done there appear to be absolutely no limits to papal authority end quote
1:16:52
it should be noted that they came to this conclusion due to an imagined past forged
1:17:00
out of forgeries the increased usage of pseudo-izadore
1:17:05
usually via other canonical collections which in turn pass the forgeries onto other collections and so on
1:17:11
is evidence of this as noted earlier pseudo-izadore attempted to create an
1:17:17
imagined golden age in the past to which the contemporary church should aim for
1:17:22
the famous didactus pape of gregory vii a document broken into 27 titles 24 of
1:17:29
which focus on the papacy contains numerous borrowings and allusions to forgeries
1:17:34
titles 3 13 14 20 21 24 and
1:17:41
25 are direct borrowings or allusions to points in pseudo-isidore
1:17:46
while titles 8 9 11 12 22 26
1:17:53
and 27 are either directly or loosely from the donation of constantine the
1:17:59
same for titles 18 19 and 23 being from the samakian forgeries
1:18:05
in all at least 17 of the 27 titles are derived from forgeries so key were
1:18:12
forgeries for this that not only were the donation of constantine and pseudo-izadora used
1:18:17
but also pseudo-semakus you will recall that the statement quote the first c is judged by no one
1:18:25
end quote takes its root in the samakian forgeries that phrase shows up in the didactus
1:18:32
pape of gregory vii father klaus schatz notes quote
1:18:37
the peculiar statement about the holiness of the papal office by which the roman pontiff indubitably
1:18:43
becomes holy through the merits of blessed peter has been given widely differing interpretations
1:18:49
it first appears in the work of bishop enodius of pavia around 502 a.d in the context of the
1:18:55
controversies surrounding pope zamakas and the statement prima cedes anemone
1:19:01
you decatur anodius took simakis aside and declared that the pope could not be judged
1:19:06
because he had received peter's holiness along with his office end quote that along with material from
1:19:14
the donation of constantine was then fed into pseudo-isidore which in turn was fed into the major canonical
1:19:20
collections of the time we see this build up early on in the 890s with the collectio and zelmo
1:19:26
dedicata which has 1980 chapters and 507
1:19:31
are from pseudo-izadore in 1023 a.d we see the decree tomb of birchard of
1:19:36
worms which contains 1785 chapters and 141 are from pseudo-isidore
1:19:44
evo of shaatra who died in 1115 a.d wrote both the decretum and panormia and
1:19:50
of the 3 500 chapters 375 are from pseudo-isadore an immensely
1:19:58
important canonical collection during the gregorian reforms known as the sorum partum sentiente
1:20:05
has 315 titles and 124 were from pseudo-isadore the anonymous
1:20:12
but highly influential canonical collection known as the collection in 74 titles
1:20:17
compiled between 1050 a.d and 1075 is yet another the very first of the 74
1:20:24
chapters is dedicated to the supremacy of rome and provides 20 papal decretals concerning it but 8
1:20:31
of those 20 chapters are forgeries from the pseudo-isidore de credels the prolific canonist and nephew of pope
1:20:37
alexander ii anzelm the younger of lucca compiled the 12-volume work collect yo-kanan
1:20:44
between the years 1081 a.d and 1086 the first volume of which is completely
1:20:49
dedicated to roman supremacy but overall of the 1149 chapters in his
1:20:55
multi-volume work at least 264 chapters are taken directly
1:21:00
from pseudo-izadore likewise the collection of de ustedite has 1173 titles
1:21:07
and 143 are from pseudo-izadore because of this pope john the 19th and
1:21:14
benedict ix used pseudo-izadori specifically but were far outpaced by pope urban ii
1:21:20
who simply went crazy with them and it did not stop there either by the mid 12th century the topic
1:21:27
of canon law had become so dispersed and difficult to keep track of that a monastic jurist named gratian
1:21:33
organized the then current canons into what became known as the concordia discordantium canonum or
1:21:40
harmony of discordant canons due to the fact it attempted to harmonize contradictory
1:21:46
canons while providing commentary on them it is known more commonly as the
1:21:51
decretum it with five other texts is an integral part of the corpus
1:21:56
juris canonici and it too was infiltrated by forgeries
1:22:02
the decree tomb quotes popes who lived in the first four centuries 324 times and at least
1:22:09
313 of those quotations are from forged letters found in
1:22:15
pseudo-izadore nearly 97 of the quotations from popes
1:22:20
up until the year 400 a.d are completely made up the famous catholic priest and
1:22:26
professor of church history ignorance von dollinger in his work the pope and the council writes
1:22:32
quote the most potent instrument of the new papal system was gratian's decretum
1:22:37
which issued about the middle of the 12th century from the first school of law in europe the juristic teacher of the whole of
1:22:43
western christendom bologna in this work the isadorian forgeries were combined with those of the other
1:22:49
gregorian writers and with gratian's own additions his work displaced
1:22:55
all the older collections of canon law and became the manual and repertory not for canonists only but for the
1:23:01
scholastic theologians who for the most part derived all their knowledge of fathers and counsels
1:23:07
from it no book has ever come near in its influence in the church although there is scarcely another so
1:23:14
chock full of gross errors both intentional and unintentional end quote
Aquinas, Florence and Beyond
1:23:20
part 6 aquinas florence and beyond even thomas aquinas who has
1:23:27
praised for his studiousness fell victim to them in a work he composed in 1264 a.d
1:23:33
known as against the errors of the greeks aquinas used a floralegium of quotations
1:23:39
on the papacy composed by nicholas of cotrone and given to him by pope urban iv the
1:23:45
problem is almost all of the quotations are forgeries linked in the video description below
1:23:51
is an online copy of the work and sadly hardly any of the citations can be
1:23:56
traced back to legitimate sources roman catholic apologist james lacutus
1:24:01
though claims that for every one that was a forgery there are quote ten real ones end quote
1:24:07
that begs the question of where those ten real ones were when aquinas was attempting to prove the
1:24:13
papacy to the eastern orthodox why didn't he use those supposed real ones and why did he have to resort to
1:24:19
forgeries if it was already so clearly within the church fathers the reason is the crystal clear proofs
1:24:26
he needed were not available in legitimate quotations so he had to resort to fallacious sources
1:24:33
jean-pierre tyrell who wrote a multi-volume work entitled saint thomas aquinas the person and his
1:24:39
work writes that quote this floralegium interested thomas even though it was not critical enough
1:24:46
used doubtful attributions and amplified text with the personal glosses of the compiler
1:24:51
who bent the text in the direction of latin theology but owing to an ah priori confidence in
1:24:57
the greek father's teachings and matters of faith thomas abstained from contradicting them
1:25:02
and sought rather to detach the true doctrinal content from the sometimes doubtful assertions
1:25:08
the second part is unhappily compromised by its own priori confidence in the text
1:25:14
examining it more closely on four specific questions concerning the procession offilio
1:25:19
the primacy of the pope the eucharistic celebration with unleavened bread and purgatory thomas is clearly forced
1:25:26
to rely more on the texts that are closer to latin theology when in fact these are often only glosses foreign to
1:25:34
the fathers end quote marcus plusted the author of the book orthodox readings of aquinas
1:25:40
points out quote the contra errors grecorum is not as might appear from the title a
1:25:46
systematic treatise by thomas on the question it is rather thomas's expert opinion on
1:25:52
a rather poor collection of texts many of which are distorted or of dubious authenticity
1:25:58
produced by nicolas of catrone a native of what is now duras in albania nicholas a unionist
1:26:05
bishop produced the collection at the request of the emperor theodore lascaris
1:26:10
very likely he drew on earlier floralegia pope urban iv requested thomas's
1:26:16
judgment on the lybellas de fide sancte trinitatis about which he evidently harbored
1:26:22
suspicions it is much to be regretted that thomas did not exercise his customary care
1:26:27
for the accuracy of his sources in analyzing this tawdry work it may be that he took such a task to be
1:26:33
outside his brief end quote as a side note prior to giving that floralegium to aquinas
1:26:40
pope urban iv had used it when writing to byzantine emperor michael paleologus in an attempt to
1:26:46
convert him to catholicism but the influence of the forgeries did not end there
1:26:52
to cite ignorance von dollinger quote from the beginning of the 14th century
1:26:57
the spurious passages of saint cyril and forged canons of councils maintained their ground
1:27:02
being guaranteed against all suspicion by the authority of saint thomas but then the contest between the council
1:27:08
of basel and pope eugenius iv evoked the work of cardinal torkamata besides some others of less importance
1:27:16
torquamata's argument which was held up to the time of bellarmine to be the most conclusive apology of the papal system
1:27:23
rests entirely on fabrications later than the pseudo-izadore and chiefly on the spurious passages of
1:27:30
saint cyril the pope is infallible all authority of other bishops is borrowed or derived
1:27:37
from his decisions of councils without his ascent are null and void these fundamental principles of
1:27:44
torquemada are proved by spurious passages of anacletus clement the council of calcium saint
1:27:51
cyril and a mass of forged or adulterated testimonies in the times of leo the 10th and
1:27:57
plymouth iii the cardinals thomas avio or kajatan and jacobazi followed closely
1:28:03
in his footsteps melchior canoes built firmly on the authority of cyril attested by saint thomas and so did
1:28:10
bellarmine and the jesuits who followed him end quote forgeries again become key at the
1:28:16
council of florence where saint mark of ephesus often maligned for claiming the catholics were using forgeries
1:28:23
has ultimately been proven right catholic priest and head of saint cyril and methodius
1:28:28
byzantine catholic seminary father christian kappas writes quote
1:28:33
though there was no way to produce critical additions at the time the conflicts served to entrench mark in
1:28:39
his theological interpretation of the filioque and ultimately led to a general suspicion of all the latin patristic
1:28:46
authorities unavailable in greek in fact the second leading orator basarian
1:28:51
was only one over to the latin side through the citation of a spurious text attributed to the
1:28:57
authority of a fourth century pope end quote catholic apologists will often
1:29:02
times claim besserian's entire conversion to catholicism was due to a supposed unified witness of
1:29:08
church fathers east and west but father kappas a scholar is saying quite the opposite
1:29:14
he is pointing out it was a forgery that caused bisarian to give in to rome in the same paper father kappus also
1:29:21
points out that quote mark's suspicions of latin scholarship were also justified by
1:29:27
arguments of cardinal julian cesarini who claimed the addition of the filioque permissible
1:29:32
on the authority of an earlier pope alas it was this that proved to be the
1:29:38
turning point in the debate with the greeks the argument was made that because post-nicene popes added to
1:29:44
the creed this allowed for further innovations the greeks knew of no such text and were utterly
1:29:50
demoralized by supposed authenticity as it turned out the text was a fake end quote
1:29:58
what father kappus a catholic priest and scholar of church history in eastern christianity is saying
1:30:04
is it was forgeries that did it the merits of the catholic case were not defensible when based on legitimate
1:30:11
texts and so fallacious sources had to be resorted to the issue though is not simply the
1:30:17
removal of such texts and then everything goes back to normal but that catholic canon law and theology has been
1:30:23
built around the lens that these forgeries created in other words the catholic
1:30:29
church at least on a dogmatic level views legitimate sources through the lens
1:30:34
created by the illegitimate sources so simply removing the forgeries is not enough it would require a revamping of
1:30:41
their paradigm despite that one glaring forgery is still there in the catholic code of
1:30:47
canon law and is taken directly from the samakian forgeries quote the first see is judged by no one end
1:30:55
quote one must ask if this were truly found in legitimate canonical sources
1:31:02
why would they need to resort to the quotation of a known forgery
1:31:08
this concludes the second half of forged by forgeries the road to the great schism we here at
1:31:15
ubi petrus want to thank you our generous patreon subscribers for your support
1:31:20
it is because of your support that we will be able to continue to produce videos with content such as this
1:31:26
and at much more frequent intervals
My comments:
In response to
@petros-estin-petra- I was what you now are, from my birth in 1965 until my baptism into True Orthodox Christianity in 1994(not to be confused with the "World Orthodoxy", the pseudo-Orthodoxy of the "Orthodox" "Churches" which have joined the World Council of Churches (WCC) and who co-worship with the heterodox, some of whom have, quite possibly, slipped into the error you describe, namely agreeing that the Roman pontiff has primacy in the way you describe) .
World Orthodoxy and its modernism and ecumenism, as described above, gradually spread across and captured all the state established and/or sanctioned Orthodox churches throughout the world from 1917 onwards until, having tried, for 66 years, to get them to repent through exhortation and persuasion, even in the face of their persecution of, and sometimes murder of, Orthodox traditionalists, the last state established traditionalist Orthodox Synod left standing, namely the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) had finally had enough when a request of a traditionalist Greek bishop in communion with their Synod, was refused a request to speak in condemnation of the continuing persecution of Orthodox traditionalists, at the WCC Congress in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1983.
Meeting, unusually, in their skete (mini-monastery) in Mansonville, Eastern Townships, Québec, also in Canada, they issued the 1983 Anathema Against Ecumenism under which Romanism, Protestantism and World Orthodoxy (all of the Patriarchates and other national state recognised churches) ALL fall, and all the other world religions too, with whom these sometimes co-worship.
The True Orthodox Church of Russia (TROC) under the Omophorion of Archbishop Tikhon of Omsk and all-Siberia, is a canonical successor to ROCOR, which started to splinter as the Soviet Union and its satellites started to dissolve. Some of the splinters fell into the very modernism and ecumenism their predecessors had condemned, and thus left the church themselves. See: www.trueorthodox.eu. Read my postings on my blog: https://trueorthodoxchristianlayman.blogspot.com.
But, even before consulting True Orthodox sources, you will find plenty of evidence showing Romanist errors, and that they have, as a consequence, become a false church in the wake of the 1054 Great (East-West) Schism, when a failure to thoroughly root out these errors, and the accumulation of new ones, led to the Romanists leaving the one Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church, to which they have yet to return as a body.
In this vein I suggest you watch the World Orthodox but highly scholarly PhD. holder Father Josiah Trenham on "Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy". He points out that even at the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea Rome and the Latin West had to accept correction from the Council, led by Saint Pachomius, over its attempt to have priestly celibacy made mandatory, pointing out that this would be more rigorous than the apostles. So, it was the Ecumenical Council which could and did overrule the Bishop of Rome or any other bishop or group of bishops, if they were in error. Likewise the 6th Ecumenical Synod condemned as heretical the Monophysite writings of Pope Honorius of Rome who was declared to have been a heretic as a result. Moreover the Roman practice of fasting on Saturdays, which had grown up, was specifically overruled and explicitly banned, as Saturday, the Old Testament Sabbath, and Sunday, the New Testament Sabbath, are, naturally enough, Feast Days not Fast Days. There are clearly some Pharasaical and foolish virgin tendencies underlying these errors. Why?
Part of the reason why must surely be that Rome had been the capital of the pagan Roman Empire, which included such things as the pagan cult of vestal virgins. Also, it had long been the biggest focus of Judaic migration within the Empire. Hence there were, literally, more pagans and Pharisees there than in the New Rome, Byzantium being transformed into Constantinople, or anywhere else. The last Pope of Rome before the 1054 Great East-West Schism, Leo IX was also trying to impose mandatory celibacy. And to this day this Foolish Virgins´ error has never been stamped out, and, indeed, has been mandatory in the vast majority of Romanist rites, in terms of number of Romanist adherents. So, tendencies and errors run extremely deep in Romanism.
Rome has been repeatedly condemned for its errors. The Ecumenical Council of Constantinople of 1484 explicitly condemned its cumulative errors including the false Council of Florence-Ferrara of 1438-9 and its false union. Likewise pan-Orthodox Synods through to 1908, repeatedly and cumulatively as the errors accumulated.
Happy to elucidate further, but not here. Only on X @adrianwhyatt.
Further comment:
The punch line comes right near the end, from 1:30:45 et seq., namely the continued use of the forgery "The First See is judged by no one." This means that the Romanists´ repentance has only been partial, so far. Until it is full, the Romanists will continue to defend the lie, in full knowledge that it is a lie, thus serving the master of the lie, Satan, rather than the Truth, Christ, and proving that they are a false church, which has yet to repent. They need to follow such examples as repentant Uniates (at Brest (Litovsk) in 1831, who were reunited with the Russian Orthodox Church. Or, like the Assyrian Nestorians´ repentance and repentant submission to and union with, the Russian Orthodox Church in 1898.
Such a repentance and submission is prophecised in the final parts of the 24-part Anonymous Prophecy of Mount Athos of 1053, which details a sequence of 24 events, starting with the First World War, which will heal the Great Schism, by the submission, ultimately, of the "Latins to the unerring faith of the Orthodox" , becoming "one flock" under "one True Orthodox pastor". This means that the "World Orthodox" will also repent of their heresies (especially modernism, including ecumenism, and where applicable "New Calendarism" including the so-called "New Julian Calendar" anti-canonically introduced in the 1920s, and the Gregorian Calendar where applicable (particularly in the Finnish Orthodox Church), and submit to us True Orthodox Christians and our Synods. Parts 1-12 of the Prophecy have already been fulfilled, with part 12 being "Revolution in India. Expulsion of the English" (1947). Part 13 "England for the Saxons only" is currently unfolding (Brexit, etc).
Comentários
Enviar um comentário